PUNCTUATIONS
Punctuation Marks:
Full stop, Comma, Question Mark, Exclamation mark, Semi colon, Colon, Quotation Mark, Ellipses, Apostrophe, Hyphen, Capitals.
Types of Punctuation:
End Punctuation
Internal Punctuations
Word Punctuation
1. End Punctuations: Full stop ( . )
Question Mark ( ? )
Exclamation Mark ( ! )
2. Internal Punctuations:
Semi colon ( ; )
Colon (:)
Comma ( , )
Quotation Mark ( ' abc ' "abc ")
Ellipses ( . . . . . .)
3.Word Punctuations:
Apostrophe (' Your ' s)
Hyphen (-)
Capitals (ABCDE)
END PUNCTUATIONS
I) Full Stop:
It indicates the longest pause and always placed at the end of a sentence.
a) At the end of a sentence
Ex: Naveen is VVJC student.
b) after most abbreviations and initials
Ex: M.A. (Master of Arts)
B.A. (Bachelors of Arts)
c) to seperate hour from minute and date from month and year
20.10.2020
10.12am
2.Question Mark ( ? )
It used
i ) at the end of an interrogative sentence
Do you like sweets ?
ii ) after question tag or similar words.
Doesn't it?
Can't I ?
iii) after elliptical questions.
Are you okay ? Doing well ? Everything is fine?
3.Exclamation Mark:( !)
After an emotional expression of joy/sorrow/shock/anger etc.
Wow !
Oh My God !
Ah !
B)Internal Punctuations:
1.Semi colon ( ; )
It makes a great pause in a sentence. The pause is greater than that created by a comma, weaker than a full stop.
a) Nehru was honest, sincere and brave ; and all loved him.
b) to seperate parts of a sentence which has many commas.
Games Competition List
spandana, cec; chandana, mpc; simhadri, cec;
naveen , mec;
c) between main clauses joined by connectives like
besides, however, moreover, therefore.
2.Colon (:)
A Colon is not often used. It indicates a fairly close interdependence between the units that it seperates. The sentence before the Colon should complete in itself, not a sentence fragment.
i) It is used to introduce a list of items
Send me the list of items : art paper, pencils, pens, sketches...
ii) to anticipate a specific explanation of a general statement
Cancer is dangerous : it kills lakhs of people every year.
3.Comma ( , )
A Comma is the most frequently used mark of punctuation which provides a slight pause in a sentence.
i) to seperate more than two words of the same class.
CEC Students: Spandana, mounika, rahul, chandana, varalakshmi.
ii) after an adverbial clause or phrase.
After we had attended the class, we left for village.
iii) after non-defining relative clauses.
Mumbai, the business capital of India, is facing a severe water crisis.
iv) in letters, for salutation and complementary close.
Respected sir,
Dear Sunitha,
Yours faithfully,
v) to introduce direct speech and before question tags.
Nithin said, "You are a good friend".
vi)after sentence adverbs, Fortunately, unfortunately, beautifully, ugly.
vii) After introductory words and some expressions.
Accordingly, Consequently, Actually, Example
viii)to seperate date/ month from a year
19th october, 2020 20th October, 2020
ix) in writing postal address
1-23/A,
Srinagar,
Badepally,
x) to seperate interjections and other words like yes, no, oh , well, Wow.
xi) after a noun or pronoun in the vacative case.
Raju, come here.
Sir, may i come in?
xii) to seperate a name from a degree/department.
He is ashok, SI.
She is Leena, the manager.
1.Quotation mark ( Inverted commas )( "abc" 'abc')
Quotation marks are commas that are put upside down above the line of writing. They are single ('.....') and double ("....") . In British usage single quotations are used but in American usage they are usually use double. In handwriting Double inverted commas are used in both the countries.
Quotation marks are used
i) in direct speech
He said, "I am busy"
"Who are you" she asked.
ii) to enclose titles of stories, plays, poems, essays, articles.
Tagore's ' Geetanjali ' is my favorite book.
iii) to mark quotations
Abraham Lincoln said, "Writing is the great invention of the world."
3.Ellipses ( ...... )
Ellipses is the practice of leaving a word or words in a sentence when they are not necessary for understanding. These are traditionally (three dots) used
i) after a break in speech
His declaration was, 'The house caught fire...'
ii) as an alternative to 'etc'
bought fruits, nuts, rice, bread, water....
iii) When a word or phrase of quotation is omitted.
iv) to make a longer pause in dialogue.
Come here... try to understand me.
C)Word punctuations
1.Apostrophe ( ' )
An Apostrophe has two main functions. They are
i) to indicate a possession
Nithya ' s dress
Raju's book
ii) to indicate contraction
I'm (I am)
Don't (Do not)
Won't (Will not)
Aren't (Are not)
Can't (Can not)
Couldn't (Could not)
2.Hyphen ( - )
The present day tendency is to avoid using the hyphen wherever possible. However, the following cases required hyphens.
A Hyphen is used
i) in compounds words.
Father-in-law, Co-Education, Ex-Minister
ii) in writing compound numbers from 21 to 99
Twenty-one, Thirty-seven, Forty-Nine, Seventy-two ,Twenty-five, Thirty-Eight
iii)in compound words formed from fractions.
One-third (1/3)
iv) between two numbers to indicate range/ inclusion.
1857-1919 2019-2020
3.Capital Letter
i) At the beginning of a sentence and also in the beginning of the sentence in quotation
She is Meena
She said, "Light travels faster than sound"
The woods are lovely, dark and deep
But I have promises to keep
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