Junior Inter: ACTIVE VOICE AND PASSIVE VOICE

                 ACTIVE VOICE AND PASSIVE VOICE

Voice is a form of the verb. It shows whether the subject does something or has something done to it.

Active Voice: The verb is said to be in the Active voice when the subject represents the doer.

Passive Voice: The verb is said to be in the Passive Voice when the subject represents the person or thing that has something done to him or it.

Changes: Active voice into Passive voice

1. Object to Subject

2. Add 'be' form

3. Past participle form(v3)of the verb

4. Add the preposition 'by'

5. Subject to Object

 Active Voice                                           Passive Voice

1.Simple present(v1)                        am/is/are

(give, gives)                                      am/is/are+given

2. Simple Past(v2)                            was/were

(gave)                                                was/were given

3. Simple future                                be

(will/shall+V1)

4.Continuos(V1.ing)                         being

am/is/are+v1.ing                                am/is/are+being+given

was/were+v1.ing                               was/were+being+given

5.Perfect                                            been

(have/has/had+v3)                             has/have+been+given

has/have+given                                  had been given

had given

6.Imperative sentence                       be(start with "let")

(without subject)

7. Please                                            You are requested to

AV              PV

I               me

We           us

You          you

He            him

She          her

It              it

I. When the verb in the active voice takes two objects, the direct and the indirect objects, either object may become the subject of the passive voice.

Eg: She gave me a pen.        (AV)

      I was given a pen by her.(PV)

      A pen was given (to)me by her(PV)

II. Only transitive verbs have active and passive forms. Intransitive verbs do not have passive form. When a sentence is changed from active voice to passive voice, the object of the transitive verb moves to the subject position.

AV:  He wrote some poems in English.

PV:  Some poems were written in English by him.

AV: He published them in a magazine.

PV: They were published in a magazine

AV: Everybody appreciated them.

PV: They were appreciated by everybody

III. The subject of the active verb is made the object in the passive sentence. The preposition 'by' is added before it. It should be remembered that the 'by-object' need not be mentioned if the agent is not known or important.

AV: The chief Minister inaugurated the exhibition

PV: The exhibition was inaugurated by the Chief Minister. 

AV: Somebody broke the door

PV: The door was broken by somebody

Examples

1. He will make all the arrangements(AV)

    All the arrangements will be mady by him(PV)

2. The judge declared the verdict

    The verdict was declared by the judge

3. Please maintain silence in the prayer hall

    You are requested to maintain silence in the prayer hall.

4. The teacher is explaining the lesson.

    The lesson is being explained by the teacher

5. The postman will deliver the letters

    The letters will be delivered by the postman

Examples:

1. Mohan took my pen

    My pen was taken by Mohan

2. I will invite Krishna

    Krishna will be invited

3. I sent a telegram to Ashok

    A telegram was sent to Ashok

4. Venu broke the mirror

    The mirror was broken by Venu

5. All love him.

    He is loved by all

6. Who wrote this poem.

     By whom was the poem written?

7.  Who took my bicycle?

     By whom was my bicycle taken?

8.  Tell him to go

     Let him be told to go

9.  Please help the poor

     You are requested to help the poor

10. Declare the result

       Let the result be declared

11. Let me see the picture

     Let the picture be seen.

12. Do it now.

      Let it be done now

13. The judge found him guilty of murder.

      He was found guilty of murder by the judge

14. We elected him Chairman

      He was elected Chairman by them

Senior Inter: WHAT KIND OF PLACE?

                                         What Kind of Place?

                                       -Uma Parameshwaran

Question and Answers.

1. What kind of place? What is that place? Describe it with its sights, smells and sounds.

A: In the poem 'What Kind of Place?' the Poet describes the bewilderment of a woman who visits her son in a different country. The woman finds it difficult to adjust to the alien culture. In this place the door is always kept locked and the windows closed. There is no rangoli on porch to welcome visitors. The musty smell makes her feel uncomfortable. The stale smell of the previous day's cooking lingers in the air. She longs for fresh air and sunshine.

     The eerie silence in the new country frightens her. The only sounds she hears here are the sound made by the electric furnace and the washing machine. She is taken aback at the manner in which men and women mingle freely. At the same time, however, she is shrewd enough to appreciate the lovely house and the car her son owns. He has done well for himself in the new land.

2. Does the speaker want to stay at this place for long? Support your answer.

A: In the poem 'What Kind of Place?' the poet describes the bewilderment of a woman who visits her son in a different country. The woman finds it difficult to adjust to the alien culture. She longs to go back to her own country. In this place the door is always kept locked and the windows are closed. There is no rangoli  on the porch to welcome visitors. The musty smell makes her feel uncomfortable . The stale smell of the previous day's cooking lingers in the air. She longs for fresh air and sunshine.

     The eerie silence in the new country frightens her. The only sounds she hears here are the sounds made by the electric furnace and the washing machine. She is taken aback at the manner in which men and women mingle freely. She pleads with her son to take her back home.

Annotations

1. And the front door is always locked?

    And no rangoli design on porch

A: Reference: These lines are taken from the powm 'What Kind of Place?' written by Uma Parameshwaran.

    Context:    The powm depicts the bewilderment of a woman who visits her son in a different country. The woman finds it difficult to adjust to the alien culture.

   Explanation: The woman asks her son why the door is always kept locked and the windows closed. She longs for fresh air and sunshine. She is surprised that there is no rangoli on the porch to welcome visitors.

  General Relevance: It is difficult to adjust to the living conditions and customs in a different country. Old people, especially, may feel distressed.

2. Son, son, it gives me great joy

      to see you well settled,

   children and all,

A: Reference: These lines are taken from the poem 'What Kind of         Place?' written by Uma Parameshwaran.

     Context: The poem depicts the bewilderment of a woman who           visits her son in a different country. The woman finds it difficult         to adjust to the alien culture.

     Explanation: The woman feels unhappy in the new place. But           she also realizes that her son is leading a comfortable life here           and has become wealthy. She addresses her son. She tells him             that she is happy that he has risen in life. He has a nice house and       a car. His family is well settled. She is glad for his sake.

     General Relevance: It is difficult to adjust to the living                     conditions and customs in a different country. Old people,                   especially, may feel distressed.

 

Junior Inter: Articles

                                                      ARTICLES

The adjectives "a or an" and "The" are usually called "Articles" they are really "Demonstrative Adjectives". Articles are divided into two kinds namely

1.Definite Article        2. Indefinite Article

1.Definite Article: "The" is called definite article because it points out some particular person or thing; as

He saw the Doctor (Particular)

2.Indefinite Article: "A or An" is called the indefinite article because it leaves indefinite the person or thing spoken of ; as

A doctor, A lawyer, A teacher (any)

       "A or An" is used before a singular countable noun. The choice between "a or an" determined by sound, before a word beginning with vowel sound [the sound of a, e, i, o, u] "an" is used.

Examples of An: An enemy, an inkstand, an orange, an honest man, an armchair, an American, an idiot, an apple

Examples of A:

A boy, a woman, a yard, a horse, a University, a young man, a one rupee coin, a unit etc.

Note: A and An are singulars "Some" is the plural. If we have to mention a little quantity, we say some sugar, some salt etc.., A or An is used.

Indefinite Article - A/An

The indefinite article is used

1. Before singular countable nouns

a) in the sense of one

A surgeon should be very careful during operation. An engineer supervises the construction of a building.

b) In the sense of the same.

Ramu and Srinu are of a size

c) In the sense of every.

Tomatoes cost Rs.20/- a kilo.

The Rajadhani express runs at a speed of 120km an hour.

2. When a thing/ person is introduced for the first time.

They killed a snake there.

There is a swimming pool in our town.

3. With quantity expression to refer to certain material objects like - - Cotton, rubber, paper, milk, food etc ( not a paper, a milk, a fish)

a piece of paper, a cup of tea, a packet of salt, a cup of milk, a bundle of grass, a piece of information.

4. Before a singular noun used as an example of a class

A rose is a beautiful flower

An elephant is a big animal

5. Before names of professions.

Surya is a doctor

She is a teacher

6. In certain  numerical expressions/ quantities

Did you order a hundred chairs for college?

Shashikala faced a lot of trouble to reach her home in the rain.

7. Before Mr./Ms. When he/she is a stranger

A Mr.Srinivas came to meet father (Srinivas is unknown to the speaker)

Miss. Shanthi is waiting outside

8. Before plurals used as singulars.

an innings

9. Before abstract nouns in the sense of 'a kind of'. A knowledge of history is always useful.

1. Before Plural countable nouns: 

    donkeys, cobras, dogs, cats etc.

2. Before uncountable nouns: 

    Sand, clay, rice, milk, water etc.

3. Before material nouns:

    silk, iron, wool, gold, glass etc.

4. Before names of meals (used in general sense):

    breakfast, lunch etc.

THE

1.When we speak of a particular person or thing or one already referred to;

Eg: The book you want is out of print.

      I dislike the fellow

      Let us go to the college

2. When a singular Noun is meant to represent a whole class.

The cow is a useful animal

The horse is a noble animal

The dog is a faithful animal

3. Before names of rivers, Gulfs, Seas, group of Islands, Mountain ranges etc.

The Ganges, The Amazon, The Krishna, The persian, The Arabian ocean, The Himalayas

4. Before common Nouns followed by a proper Noun.

The river Godavari

The novel "war and peace"

5. Before a proper Noun only when it is qualified by an adjective

The great Shivaji

The Immortal Shakespeare

The Wise Solomon

The famous Napoleon

6. Before plural names

The Tagore's book

7. Before the names of Ships, trains, aeroplanes, rockets etc.

The golden arrow, The Vaijayanthi, The Krishna express

8. When the initials are used

The U.N.O.

The W.H.O.,

The I.A.S

9. Before temple, mosque, office, cinema or cinema theatre

10.As an adverb with comparatives

The more They get, The more They want

The more you speak, The less I understand

The bigger your job, The greater your responsibilities

The higher you go, The colder it gets

11. Before an adjectives to make it a noun in the plural

The rich must help the poor

The educated should teach the illeterate

12. Before a Government Office

The Head Post Office

The Treasury

The Accountant office

13. Before designations

The Secretary, The President, The Principal, 

The P.M.,  etc

14. Before a historical age.

The stone age, The golden age etc

15. Before news papers and magazines

The Eenadu, The Hindu, The India Today etc

16.Before National festivals

The Independence day, The Republic Day, 

The Teacher's day

17. Before a Board, A Corporation, commission.

The Intermediate board, The Electricity board. etc.