Senior Inter: POLONIUS ADVICE TO HIS SON

       POLONIUS ADVICE TO HIS SON

1.Sketch briefly the character of Polonius, based on the poem.

A:    Critics differ in their opinion about the character of Polonius in Shakespeare's tragedy 'Hamlet'. It is said that he is pompous, ambitious and over-bearing. However, if we restrict ourselves to the poem he comes across as a concerned father who is anxious to convey words of practical wisdom to his son. Laertes, the son, is leaving France for higher studies. He may be twenty and old enough to know right from wrong. But it is natural for every father to offer guidance. The advice is in the form of maxims. One should be cautious while expressing one's thoughts, getting into quarrels with others or making new friends. One should dress well but not gaudily. One should neither lend nor borrow money. Above all one should be true to oneself and follow one's convictions. The advice is admirable and worth following. It is true that Polonius utters each maxims and immediately modifies it. But, then, life itself is complex.

2. Explain the line, "Be thou familiar, but by no means vulgar."

A: The poem contains the advice that is given by Polonius to his son, Laertes, who is leaving for France for higher studies. The advice is in the form of a series of maxims. Polonius gives instructions about how one should conduct oneself in society. Polonius tells his son that he should mingle with others and make friends. He should not remain aloof and isolated. However, he should stay within limits. Excessive familiarity should be avoided. He should observe decorum in his dealings with others. The advice given by Polonius regarding social etiquette and conduct holds true even today. Shakespeare himself seems to be making these observations through the character of Polonius.

ANNOTATIONS:

1.    . . . . . Give thy thoughts no tongue,

       Nor any unproportioned thought his act.

Reference: These lines are taken from the poem 'Polonius Advice to his son'. The poem is an extract from Act 1 Scene 3 of the play 'Hamlet' written by Shakespeare.

Context: The poem contains the advice that Polonius gives his son, Laertes. The advice is in the form of series of maxims.

Explanation: Laertes is about to leave for France for higher education. Polonius gives him some instructions about how we should conduct himself in society. The first rule of conduct is that a person should not be too talkative. He should not reveal whatever is in his mind. Inappropriate or immoderate thoughts should not find expression in action. Thoughts should be translated into action only after adequate reflection.

General Relevance: The advice given by Polonius  regarding social conduct holds true even today.

Tenses

                                 TENSES

Present Tense: 

Simple Present tense

Present continuous tense

Present Perfect tense

Present Perfect Continuous tense

Past Tense:

Simple Past tense

Past continuous tense

Past perfect tense

Past Perfect continuous tense

Future Tense:

Simple future tense

Future continuous tense

Future perfect tense

Future perfect continuous tense

SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE:

It is formed  with the base form (V1) of the verb. If the subjects are in third person singular (He, She, It & Names) it takes 's' or 'es'

 Structure:

[V1] Third person singular

(He, She, It & Names) -V1+ S/es

Examples: 

He goes to school everyday

She usually sits in the first row

The sun rises in the east.

He drinks coffe every morning.

PRESENT CONTINUES TENSE:

It is formed with am/ is/ are + "ing" form of the verb.

It is used to represent an action that is going on at the present time.

Identifying words: now, present, today, look, listen, see, don't disturb, don't make noise are used.

Structure: am/ is/ are + V1.ing

Verb:

 I            :  am+v1.ing

Singular:   is +V1.ing

Plural    :  are+ V1.ing

Examples: 

It is raining

She is singing

The child is playing

She is writing a letter

PRESENT PERFECT TENSE: 

It is formed with have/has/ +v3 form of the verb.

It is used to indicate an action has completed a short time ago. It is also used to indicate a past action with result in the present time.

Identifying words:

Just, yet, ever, never and used.

Verb:     Have/Has+V3

             I, Plural    :    Have+V3

             Singular  :    Has+V3

Examples:

I have just finished the work

He has just gone out.

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINOUS TENSE:

It is formed with have been/has been +V1.ing form of the verb.

It shows that an action began in the past and is still going on.

Identifying words: Since/for + time, how long...?

                   Have been/Has been + V1.ing

Verb:          I, Plural     : have been+V1.ing

                  Singular     : has been+ V1.ing

Example:

It has been raining since 8 O' clock.

We have been playing chess for two hours

She has been practicing the violin all day

How long have you been waiting here?

SIMPLE PAST TENSE:

It is formed with V2 form of the verb.

It is used for an action completed at some time in the past. The time is mentioned or understood. It is also used to describe an action occurring habitually in the past.

 Identifying words: ago, yesterday, last

  Verb:   [V2 (for all the persons)]

Example:

I met him yesterday

I went to the college yesterday

She wrote a story last week

She left the school last Sunday

PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE:

It is formed with was/were + V1.ing

It is used for an incomplete action in the past. It describes an action as continuing at some past time. It is used in combination with past. If an action was going on for some time and a new action happened. The past Continuous tense is used for former and simple past for latter.

Identifying words: While, When 

                                 

                    was/were+V1.ing

Verb:           I, singular   : was+V1.ing

                    Plural         : were+V1.ing

Examples:

They were eating in the restaurant a few minutes ago.

The children were playing in the street

When I saw him he was playing chess

While  I was going to college I saw an accident

PAST PERFECT TENSE:

It is formed with had+V3 form of the verb

It is often used for an action, which happened earlier than another.

The simple past is used for the latter action. It is also used for an action completed before a certain point in the past.

Identifying words: Before, After

Verb: had+V3 (for all persons)

Examples:

He had already left when we arrived.

I thanked him for what he had done.

I had seen him last 5 years before.

PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE:

It is formed with had been + V1.ing form of the verb.

It is used for an action that continued upto a time in the past.

Verb: Had been + V1.ing (for all persons)

Examples:

When I met him last, he had been learning Hindi for 6 months

She had been driving a car for week when she had an accident.

I knew that he had been riding a horse for many days.

SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE:

It is formed with "will" +V1 form of the verb. In formal style "shall" instead of will is used with  "I and We"

It is used for an action that has still to happen.

Identifying words: tomorrow, next

 

                       will/shall +V1

Verb:               First person(I, We): shall+V1

                        For all person: will + V1

Examples:

I think it will rain this evening.

They will sell this car.

I will/shall see him on Sunday

Note: It expresses pure or colorless future i.e. future which is not influenced by willingness, intention etc. When the future is colored with intention "be going to +v1" form is used.

Examples:

He is going to buy a car.

He is going to marry her.

FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE:

It is formed with will/shall +be + V1.ing form of the verb.

It is used to refer to an action as continuing at sometime in the future. It is also to indicate future events that are planned.

                Will/Shall + be +V1.ing

Verb:        I, We: Shall be+ V1.ing

                 For all persons: will be + V1.ing

Examples:

We will/shall be playing tennis at that time.

My sister will be sleeping when I reach home.

I shall/will be reading the paper then.

FUTURE PERFECT TENSE

It is formed with will have/shall have + V3 form of the verb.

It is used for an action that will be completed at a time in the future.

                   shall have/will have +V3

Verb:     I, We                : shall have + V3

              For all persons:  will have + V3

Examples: 

By the end of the next month we will have lived here for five years.

I shall have written my exercise by that time.

We shall have completed the syllabus before Christmas.

FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE:

It is formed with will have been+shall have been+V1.ing 

It indicates an action represented as being in progress over a period of time that will end in future.

Examples: 

By the next July we shall have been living in Hyderabad for five years.

By next August he will have been completing 20 years of service.

Describing Process

Describe how you and your friends made arrangements for the College Day Function

(Hints: Date, Chief Guest, Programme, Speeches, Cultural items, Invitations, Stage arrangements, Catering)

Ans: With the consultation of principal we fixed the date of our college day function. We invited local MLA as the chief guest. Programme was arranged at 5 p.m. on the college premises. Invitations were sent to all the important persons of our town. Stage arrangements were made by students. The function was presided over by our principal. He read out the college annual report. Our MLA asked us to cooperate the Government to make our state a golden Telangana. Refreshments were served to the students and the guests. The function ended with cultural items.

Describe how one should prepare for the examination.

Ans: Given yourself more than enough time to review the material that was covered in class. Read through the entirety of your notes that will be the examination. It will make you aware of all the information in your notes. If you don't have food notes ask a friend if you can copy his or her notes. Ask your teacher about the material. He/She may give you some guidance. Re-read your notes. Review your syllabus.

Describe how one should prepare for a job interview.

Ans: First get the complete information about the firm or  organization for which your are being interviewed. Wear the most formal dress that you would likely need to wear in that position. Try to talk openly about how you could contribute to the organization. Take relevant material like copies of your resume, certificates, references. Plan your time to arrive early and compose yourself before the interview. At the time of interview don't be panic. Be positive and truthful about your skills.

Junior Inter: Prose : 3.ON THE RULE OF THE ROAD

                    ON THE RULE OF THE ROAD

Question and Answers

1.Describe the incident about the stout lady who walked down the middle of a street. What do we learn from it?

A:- 'On the Rule of the Road' is a lively debate about the need to strike a balance between enjoying individual liberty and respecting social orderliness. A.G. Gardiner begins the essay with an interesting anecdote. Soon after the Russian Revolution 1917, a hefty lady started walking down the middle of the road in the city of Petrograd. She seemed unmindful of the danger she was subjecting herself to. She also did not notice the chaos and confusion that her action entailed. Someone pointed out that she should walk on the pavement. The lady replied sharply that the country was now free and she could walk where she pleased.

     The lady did not realize that liberty cannot be equated with unrestricted freedom. Like her, if others too broke traffic rules, there would be accidents.

     Rules are necessary for the smooth functioning of society and should be followed by all. Else there would be social anarchy.

2.Liberty is an accommodation of interests. Elaborate with examples from the essay.

A:-   'On the Rule of the Road' is a lively debate about the need to strike a balance between enjoying individual liberty and respecting social orderliness. A.G. Gardiner stresses that liberty cannot be equated with unrestricted freedom. It may be necessary to curtail individual liberty for the sake of the general good.

     If everyone did just as they pleased there would be confusion and chaos. For instance, if, in the name of liberty, pedestrians started walking in the middle of the road, there would be accidents. Common sense dictates, therefore, that traffic rules should be followed by all. Similarly, other rules too must be observed for the smooth functioning of society. Else there would be social anarchy.

     There are many spheres of activity in which an individual enjoys freedom. But he cannot do anything that interfere with the rights of others. For instance, he should not play the trombone at night as the loud music would disturb the neighbours. The liberty to play musical instrument would clash with another's liberty to sleep well.

ANNOTATIONS

1. Liberty is not a personal affair only, but a social contract.

Reference: This sentence is taken from the essay 'On the Rule of the Road' written by A.G.Gardiner

Context: This essay is a lively debate about the need to strike balance between enjoying individual liberty and respecting social orderliness. Rights and responsibilities go hand in hand.

Explanation: The writer stresses that liberty cannot be equated with unrestricted freedom. Just as we have the right to enjoy our liberty , so do others. If every person did whatever he pleased there would chaos and confusion. The social order would break down. It is necessary, therefore, for everyone to enjoy liberty within limits. We must respect the rights of others. All should follow rules. Rules may restrict personal liberty but  are necessary for the smooth functioning of society.

General Relevance: Liberty does not give us the license to do whatever we want. Our personal liberty should not clash with that of others.

2.Individual liberty would have become social anarchy.

Reference: This sentence is taken from the essay 'On the Rule of the Road' written by A.G.Gardiner.

Context: The essay is a lively debate about the need to strike a balance between enjoying individual liberty and respecting social orderliness. Rights and responsibilities go hand in hand.

Explanation: The writer stresses that liberty cannot be equated with unrestricted freedom. The essay begins with an anecdote  about a lady who walked down the middle of a road. She claimed that she had the liberty to do as she pleased. But she did not realize that her actions were endangering her own life and that of others. Like her, if others too broke the traffic rules, there would be accidents. The social order would break down.

General Relevance: Liberty does not give us the license to do whatever we want. All should follow rules for the smooth functioning of society.

3. We are all liable to forget this, and unfortunately we are much more conscious of the imperfections of others in this respect of our own.

Reference: This sentence is taken from the essay 'On the Rule of the Road' is written by A.G.Gardiner. It is the concluding line of the essay.

Context: The essay is a lively debate about the need to strike a balance between enjoying individual liberty and respecting social orderliness. Rights and responsibilities go hand in hand.

Explanation: A person can enjoy liberty as long as he does not violate the liberty of others. He cannot do anything that interferes with the rights of others. For instance, he would not be justified in playing the trombone at night as the loud music would distrub the neighbours. The liberty to play a musical instrument would clash with another's liberty  to sleep well. We must, therefore, respect the rights of others. Unfortunately, we often forget to do so. We are quick to point out the defects of others. But we are unmindful of our own defects.

General Relevance: Liberty does not give us the license to do whatever we want. All should follow rules for the smooth functioning of society.

B.tech 1 year: Punctuations

                       PUNCTUATIONS 

 Punctuation Marks: 

Full stop, Comma, Question Mark, Exclamation mark, Semi colon, Colon, Quotation Mark, Ellipses, Apostrophe, Hyphen, Capitals.

Types of Punctuation:

End Punctuation

Internal Punctuations

Word Punctuation

 1. End Punctuations: Full stop   ( . )

                                      Question Mark ( ? )

                                      Exclamation Mark ( ! )

2. Internal Punctuations: 

Semi colon ( ; )

Colon    (:) 

Comma ( , ) 

Quotation Mark  ( '  abc '    "abc ")

Ellipses ( . . . . . .)

3.Word Punctuations:

Apostrophe ('   Your ' s)

Hyphen  (-)

Capitals (ABCDE)

END PUNCTUATIONS

I) Full Stop:

It indicates the longest pause and always placed at the end of a sentence.

a) At the end of a sentence

Ex: Naveen is VVJC student.

b) after most abbreviations and initials

Ex: M.A. (Master of Arts)

      B.A.  (Bachelors of Arts)

c) to seperate hour from minute and date from month and year

         20.10.2020

          10.12am

2.Question Mark ( ? )

It used

i ) at the end of an interrogative sentence

Do you like sweets ?

ii ) after question tag or similar words.

Doesn't it?

Can't I ?

iii) after elliptical questions.

Are you okay ?  Doing well ?  Everything is fine?

3.Exclamation Mark:( !)

After an emotional expression of joy/sorrow/shock/anger etc.

Wow !

Oh My God !

Ah !

B)Internal Punctuations:

1.Semi colon ( ; )

     It makes a great pause in a sentence. The pause is greater than that created by a comma, weaker than a full stop.

a) Nehru was honest, sincere and brave ; and all loved him.

b) to seperate parts of a sentence which has many commas.

Games Competition List

spandana, cec; chandana, mpc; simhadri, cec;

naveen , mec;

c) between main clauses joined by connectives like

 besides, however, moreover, therefore.

2.Colon (:) 

A Colon is not often used. It indicates a fairly close interdependence between the units that it seperates. The sentence before the Colon should complete in itself, not a sentence fragment.

i) It is used to introduce a list of items

Send me the list of items : art paper, pencils, pens, sketches... 

ii) to anticipate a specific explanation of a general statement

Cancer is dangerous : it kills lakhs of people every year.

3.Comma ( , )

A Comma is the most frequently used mark of punctuation which provides a slight pause in a sentence.

i) to seperate more than two words of the same class.

CEC Students: Spandana, mounika, rahul, chandana, varalakshmi.

ii) after an adverbial clause or phrase.

After we had attended the class, we left for village.

iii) after non-defining relative clauses.

Mumbai, the business capital of India, is facing a severe water crisis. 

iv) in letters, for salutation and complementary close.

Respected sir,

Dear Sunitha,

Yours faithfully,

v) to introduce direct speech and before question tags.

Nithin said, "You are a good friend".

vi)after sentence adverbs, Fortunately, unfortunately, beautifully, ugly.

vii) After introductory words and some expressions.

Accordingly, Consequently, Actually, Example

viii)to seperate date/ month from a year

19th october, 2020     20th October, 2020

ix) in writing postal address

1-23/A,

Srinagar, 

Badepally,

x) to seperate interjections and other words like yes, no, oh , well, Wow.

xi) after a noun or pronoun in the vacative case.

Raju, come here.

Sir, may i come in?

xii) to seperate a name from a degree/department.

He is ashok, SI.

She is Leena, the manager.

1.Quotation mark ( Inverted commas )( "abc"    'abc')

Quotation marks are commas that are put upside down above the line of writing. They are single ('.....') and double ("....") . In British usage single quotations are used but in American usage they are usually use double. In handwriting Double inverted commas are used in both the countries.

Quotation marks are used

i) in direct speech

   He said, "I am busy"

   "Who are you" she asked.

ii) to enclose titles of stories, plays, poems, essays, articles. 

Tagore's ' Geetanjali ' is my favorite book.

iii) to mark quotations

Abraham Lincoln said, "Writing is the great invention of the world."

3.Ellipses ( ...... )

     Ellipses is the practice of leaving a word or words in a sentence when they are not necessary for understanding. These are traditionally (three dots) used

i) after a break in speech

His declaration was, 'The house caught fire...'

ii) as an alternative to 'etc'

bought fruits, nuts, rice, bread, water....

iii) When a word or phrase  of quotation is omitted.

iv) to make a longer pause in dialogue.

Come here... try to understand me.

C)Word punctuations

1.Apostrophe ( ' )

 An Apostrophe has two main functions. They are

i) to indicate a possession

Nithya ' s dress

Raju's book

ii) to indicate contraction

I'm (I am)

Don't (Do not)

Won't (Will not)

Aren't (Are not)

Can't (Can not)

Couldn't (Could not)

2.Hyphen ( - )

The present day tendency is to avoid using the hyphen wherever possible. However, the following cases required hyphens.

A Hyphen is used

i) in compounds words.

Father-in-law,  Co-Education, Ex-Minister 

ii) in writing compound numbers from 21 to 99

Twenty-one,   Thirty-seven,  Forty-Nine, Seventy-two ,Twenty-five, Thirty-Eight

iii)in compound words formed from fractions.

One-third  (1/3)

iv) between two numbers to indicate range/ inclusion.

1857-1919   2019-2020

3.Capital Letter

i) At the beginning of a sentence and also in the beginning of the sentence in quotation

She is Meena

She said, "Light travels faster than sound"

The woods are lovely, dark and deep

But I have promises to keep

Junior Inter: Non-Detail: 2.The Medal

                                   THE MEDAL

1. What did Suren find in Sudhir's hands? Describe in detail.

A:-   Suren is the narrator of the story. He is a school teacher in a village. He narrates an incident which took place four years before. One day, as usual, he was teaching the class four students. Suddenly there was some disturbance in the class. He noticed that two students, Kamakhya and Sudhir, were fighting. Kamakhya was trying to snatch something from Sudhir's hands. Suren took the object. He was surprised to see that it was big, old medal. Something had been carved intricately on both sides of the medal. On one side there was a picture of Queen Victoria in her youth. On the other side were the words 'Sergent S.B. Parkins, Sixth Dragon Guards, 1854'. Sudhir revealed that an Englishman had given the medal to his grandfather.

2. Write in a paragraph Suren's experiences on his way to the village and at Vrindavan's house?

A:- Suren goes to his village for the weekend. He takes the medal with him. He sets out to meet his friend, Vrindavan, whose house is across the river. While standing on the bridge he notices that the river is in spate. He suddenly gets an irresistible urge to jump  into the water. He knows well that he will drown if he jump into the water. He knows well that he will drown if he jumps. Somehow he controls himself. 

    At Vrindavan's house Suren feels a strange restlenessness. He goes to the terrace and gets an overpowering urge to jump down. Luckily Vrindavan comes at that movement. A little while later Suren is left alone for a while. Once more he feels a pull towards the terrace. This time the urge to jump is uncontrollable. He is about to jump when Vrindavan again pull him back in the nick of time. Suren is shocked and puzzled by his own behaviour. He shows the medal to Vrindavan and leaves.

Junior Inter: Non- Detail: 1.The Umbrella Man

                           1.THE UMBRELLA MAN 

1.Narrate the events that led the little girl and her mother to wait in the rain for a taxi?

A:-    The narrator of the story 'The Umbrella Man ' is a girl of twelve years. One day she went to London along with her mother as she has an appointment with the dentist. After completing the dental treatment they decide to go to a cafe. The girl has a banana split while the mother has coffee. When they come out of the cafe at 6pm they find that it is raining quite heavily. It looks as though the rain will not stop soon. They plan to take a taxi to get back home. However, all the taxis are occupied. While waiting for a vacant taxi on the road, both get wet. 

2. Sketch in a paragraph the character of the gentleman who approached the girl and her mother with a request for a favour.

A:-   The old man of about seventy years is dressed like a gentleman and has good manners. In a hesitant tone he asks the mother for a favour. He says that he has left his wallet at home. He is willing to give away his expensive silk umbrella for just a pound, so that he can take a cab home. The mother is suspicious but the man convinces her that he is speaking the truth. He turns down the offer of taking a pound as charity. It appears, thus, that he is a real gentleman. The man gives the umbrella and takes a pound. But he does not take a cab. Instead, he rushes to a bar and drinks a large dose of whisky. He then picks up an umbrella belonging to another person and sells it to a man on the road. Thus, the old man seems an honest gentleman but is actually a crook. He steals umbrellas on rainy days and sells them cheaply. He drinks whisky with the money he gets.

Junior Inter: Poetry : 2.The Royal tombs Of Golconda

 1.How does the poet sing the glory of Golconda King?

A:-    In the poem 'The Royal Tombs of Golconda' Sarojini Naidu paints a vivid picture of the glory of Golconda empire. The poet visits the Quli Qutub Shahi tombs in Hyderabad. She is at once transported to another era. She feels that the kings and queens of ancient times have come to life. She sees the brave kings getting ready for battle. They hold spears in their hands. The queens are dressed in all their finery. The tinkle of their laughter echoes in the chambers.

       The Golconda Fort encircles the royal tombs and seems to cast a protective ring around it. The poet comments that centuries have rolled by but the legends of Golconda are still fresh in the minds of people. To this day odes and ballads are sung about the valour of the kings. The Golconda empire was synonymous with progress, peace and prosperity.

2. How does the beauty of Golconda queens kindle those pomegranate groves?

A:-   In the poem 'The Royal Tombs of Golconda' Sarojini Naidu paints a vivid picture of the glory of the Golconda empire. The poet visits the Quli Qutub Shahi tombs in Hyderabad. She is at once transported to another era. She feels that the kings and queens of ancient times have come to life.

     The poet comments that centuries have rolled by but the legends of Golconda are still in fresh in the minds of people. The beautiful queens may have died long ago. But to this day odes and ballads are sung about their beauty. Their grace  and charm are immortalized in the songs of the bulbuls. Even Nature is inspired by the legends of Golconda. The pomegranate trees in the  vicinity of the tombs awaken in spring every year. Their pretty flowers and luscious fruits reflect the delicate charm of the dead queens.

ANNOTATIONS

1. The glimmering music of your spears,

    The laughter of yours royal brides

Reference: These lines are taken from the poem 'The Royal Tombs of Golconda'. The poem was written by Sarojini Naidu, a famous poet, who was called the Nightingale of India.

Context: In this poem Sarojini Naidu paints a vivid picture of the glory and grandeur of the Golconda empire.

Explanation:  The poet visits the Quli Qutub Shahi tombs in Hyderabad. She is at once transported to another era. She feels that the kings and queens of ancient times have come to life. She sees the brave kings getting ready for battle. They hold spears which gleam in the sunlight. The rays of the sun fall on the spears and seem to create a musical pattern. The queens are dressed in all their finery. The tinkle of their laughter echoes in the chambers.

General Relevance: Centuries have rolled by but the legends of Golconda are still fresh in the minds of people.

2.Though centuries falter and decline

   Your proven strongholds shall remain

 Reference: These lines are taken from the poem 'The Royal Tombs of Golconda'. The poem was written by Sarojini Naidu, a famous poet, who was called the Nightingale of India. 

Context: In this poem Sarojini Naidu paints a vivid picture of the glory and grandeur of the Golconda empire.

Explanation: The poet visits the Qutub Shahi tombs in Hyderabad. As she looks around, she feels that she has retreated into the past. She can visualize the royal empire in all its glory. The Golconda Fort encircles the royal tombs and seems to cast a protective ring around it. The poet comments that centuries have rolled by but the legends of Golconda are still fresh in the minds of people. To this day odes and ballads are sung about the valour of the kings. The Golconda empire was synonymous with progress, peace and prosperity.

General Relevance: Centuries have rolled by but the legends of Golconda are still fresh in the minds of people.

1.

Senior Inter: 2.Letter Writing (Formal)

 Write a letter to the editor of a newspaper about the need for proper disposal of garbage. Request him to publish an article in the editorial.

Sharath

H.No. 1-123

Gourishankar colony

Jadcherla.

13th October, 2020

To 

The Editor

The Sakshi

Mahabubnagar

Sir

      REQUEST TO PUBLISH AN ARTICLE ON PROPER DISPOSAL OF GARBAGE

     It would be greateful if you kindly allow me to present my views and impressions the coloumns of your esteemed daily about the need for proper disposal of garbage in our localities and surroundings.

    It is noticed in most of the areas in the city that no proper steps have been implemented or practiced either by the government agencies or by the public in the proper disposal of garbage. As a result the flies, mosquitoes and stray animals are found on the scattered garbage. Due to the negligence of the residents and the concerned authorities, the garbage is being scattered here and there or in the vacant places. Because of this action and attitude of the concerned authorities and public the whole city is slowly turning into a center of garbage emitting foul smell and affecting health and hygienic atmosphere in the localities. A proper method has to be evolved by the government in dumping the entire garbage of the city and civic sense among the people is to be adopted for proper disposal of garbage.

    I wish that the article would have positive impact.

Yours truly

Signature

(SHARATH) 

      

Senior Inter: Letter Writing (Formal)

Write a letter to the principle of your college requesting him to issue your transfer, bonafide and conduct certificates.

V.Kamal

H.No.-12-222, S.G.Road

Jadcherla

13-10-2020

To 

The Principal

Viswa Vikas Junior College

Jadcherla

Sir

    

      REQUEST FOR TC BONAFIDE AND CONDUCT CERTIFICATE

     I, V.Kamal, wish to submit that I was a student of MEC English Medium in your college during the years 2014-2016. I passed Intermediate in March 2016 with 92% marks. I have secured a seat in a reputed college in Hyderabad.

    In view of my further studies, I am in need of my Intermediate transfer, bonafide and conduct certificates. I have cleared all the dues in the college. Hence I request you Sir, to instruct the office issue the needed certificates at the earliest possible time.

                                  Thanking you

Yours Obediently

Signature

(V.KAMAL)

Senior Inter: 2.Poetry: The Magical Earth

                      THE MAGICAL EARTH

 1. The earth knows how to do magic. Support this statement with examples from the poem.

A:- The poem 'The Magical Earth' is a hymn in praise of the earth. The poet wonders if the earth has some magical powers. He marvels at the myriad forms of life the emerge from the earth. If he sows seeds, he gets fruits like guavas, jamuns and lemons. Each fruit has its own distinctive appearance, taste and colour. He wonders how the earth puts different kinds of sweetness into fruits like pomegranates, plums and mangoes. Does the earth have sugar godowns in its reesses? Strangely, the leaves are tasteless but the fruits are sweet. The earth can hold long rivers inside itself and balance tall coconut tress on its surface. It gives the poet all that he asks for and more.When he asks for a flower, the earth lovingly gifts him a beautiful pink flowers. The poet concludes that indeed the earth knows magic.

2. What tricks does the earth show, according to Gulzar?

A:- In the poem 'The Magical Earth' Gulzar wonders how the earth can perform so many tricks. If he sows seeds, he gets fruits like guavas, jamuns and lemons. Each fruit has its own distinctive appearance, taste and colour. The earth puts different kinds of sweetness ito fruits like pomegranates, plums and mangoes. The earth seems to have sugar godowns in its recesses. Strangely, the leaves of plants are tasteleess but the fruits are sweet. The earth can hold rivers inside itself and balance tall coconut trees on its surface. When he asks for a flower, the earth gifts him a  beautiful pink flower. The poet concludes that indeed the earth knows many tricks.

Annotations

1. If I ask for a flower it gives me pink flowers.

2. Otherwise, why is the bamboo tasteless and the sugarcane sweet? 

Senior Inter: Prose : 3. To Sir, With Love

QUESTION AND ANSWERS

1.Describe briefly the scene between the speaker and the listeners in the story ‘To Sir, with Love’. 

A:-‘To Sir, with Love’ is a heart warming story about the experiences of a teacher with his students. The speaker is a teacher who is new to the school. He is shocked to see that the students are ill-bred, unruly and indifferent. He wishes to bring about a change in them but is not sure what he should do. On the second day he addresses the class before he starts the lesson. He says that he is going to treat them like adults. He reminds them that they are students of the top class. They should be role models for the lower classes. They will soon go out into the world and take up jobs. They should treat each other with courtesy. Their conduct and deportment should be good. The students are puzzled. No one has talked to them like this. But they listen with interest. ‘ 

2. ‘You will be treated not as children, but as young men and women, by me and by each other. ’ Why does the speaker say this? Who is being addressed? .

A:- The speaker is a teacher who is new to the school. He is shocked to see that the students are ill-bred, unruly and indifferent. He wishes to bring about a change in them but is not sure what he should do. On the second day he addresses the class before he starts the lesson. He says that he is going to treat them like adults and not like children. They will soon go out into the world and take up jobs. They should treat each other with courtesy. Moreover, they are students of the top class. They should be role models for the lower classes. The students are puzzled. But they are receptive and listen with interest.

ANNOTATIONS

1.‘I am your teacher, and I think it right and proper that I should let you know something of my plans for this class.’ ‘ 

Reference: This sentence is taken from the story ‘To Sir, with Love’ written by E. R. Braithwaite. The story is an extract from his autobiographical novel. 

Context: The speaker is a teacher who is new to the school. He is shocked to see that the students are ill-bred, unruly and indifferent. He decides that he will try to bring about a change in them.

Explanation: The new teacher addresses the students on the second day. He says that as the class teacher he has made some plans. He wishes to share, his thoughts with them. He goes on to talk about the importance of  good behaviour and manners. The students are taken aback. No-one has treated them like adults till now. They are puzzled but receptive. 

General Relevance: The teacher plays an important role in moulding the behaviour and character of students.

2.Then to my surprise, and I must confess, my relief she opened it as quietly, and With a grace and dignity that would have befitted a queen, she walked to her seat. 

Reference: This sentence is taken from the story ‘To Sir, with Love’ written by E.R.Braithwaite. The story is an extract from his autobiographical novel. 

Context: The speaker is a teacher who is new to the school. He is shocked to see that . the students are ill-bred, unruly and indifferent. He tries to bring about a change in them.  

Explanation: The teacher is talking about the importance of good conduct. Suddenly the door is flung open. A girl, Pamela Dare, strides into the room in a clumsy manner and sits down. The teacher asks her to go out and enter in a dignified manner. He is not sure the girl will oblige. She looks angry and humiliated. But to his surprise Pamela . goes out.. She enters the room this time with the grace and dignity of a queen. The teacher is relieved that the girl had obeyed his instructions and did not defy him.

General Relevance: The teacher plays an important role in moulding the behaviour and character of students.

Senior Inter : Prose : 2.Opportunities For Youth

 QUESTION AND ANSWERS

1.What is happiness, according to Jawaharlal Nehru?

A:- In the esaay 'Opportunities for Youth' Jawaharlal Nehru emphasizes the need for co-ordinating one's thought and action. If thoughts exist in a vaccum they serve no purpose. They acquire meaning only when translated into action. Conversely, actions should be undertaken only after sufficient thought. Nehru says that a happy person person is one who integrates thoughts and actions. Happiness does not depend on the external environment. Rather, it is a state of mind. There are many rich people who are restless and many poor people who are contented. Happy people are free from inner conflict. Inner conflicts can be resolved only when there is co-ordination between thought and action.

2. The mere act of aiming at something big makes you big. Elaborate.

A:- In his essay 'Opportunities for Youth' Nehru addresses the youth of the nation. He exhorts them to take up the task of building the nation after independence. The youth of India should be filled with pride and ambition. They should take pride in doing their job to the best of their ability. They should aspire for the best and not be willing to settle for anything less. A scientist should aim to become an Einstein and should not be content to remain as a reader in a university. An engineer should try to invert something useful for society. A doctor should aspire to find a cure for diseases. Nehru stresses that the mere act of aiming high helps us to excel in whatever task we take up. We are motivated to develop our innate abilities and our achievements surpass our expectations.

 ANNOTATIONS

a) Thought without actions is abortions. action without thought is folly.

Reference: These sentence are taken from the essay 'opportunities for youth' written by Jawaharlal Nerhru.

Context: In the essay Nehru exhorts the youth to dread about building a great country. The youth should work towards making these dreams a reality.

Explanation: Nehru emphasizes the need for co-ordinating one's thoughts and actions. If thoughts exists in a vaccum they serve no purpose. They acquire meaning only when translated into action. Conversely, actions should be undertaken only after sufficient thought. It would be a blunder to plunge into action without thinking about the various aspects of an issue. Planning an execution, thus, go hand in hand.

General Relevance: Inner conflicts can resolved only when there is co-ordination between thought and action. A happy person is one who integrates thoughts and actions.

2.Great novels always makes one think, because they are pictures of life painted by great minds.

Reference: These sentence are taken from the essay 'opportunities for youth' written by Jawaharlal Nerhru.

Context: In the essay Nehru exhorts the youth to dream about building a great country. The youth should work towards making the dream a reality. . 

Explanation: Every work we undertake must be preceded by a plan that has been well thought of. Thinking leads to learning. Thinking is a skill that needs to be developed. It does not come automatically. The best way to develop the art of thinking is to read books. Great novels portray life in a realistic manner. They offer a glimpse of society. Reading such books helps us to develop the ability to analyze issues in a constructive manner. 

General Relevance: A good book enables us to develop our faculties of reflection and analysis.

Senior Inter : Prose : 1.Dancing In The Rain

 QUESTION AND ANSWERS

1.What kind of freedom does Azim Premji recommend to the children of India?

A:-   In his essay 'Dancing in the Rain ' Azim Premji refers at first to the plight of poor children who work in inhuman conditions in factories. Such children are robbed of their freedom. Child labour should be abolished at once. But children from upper classes too are being denied the simple joys of childhood. They are being burdened with too many books. Both parents and teachers expect children to study day and night. Children have no time to play, explore the world, interact with others and develop their interests. Their creativity and spontaneity is crushed. Teachers and parents should not put undue pressure on children. India will progress only when all children have the freedom to play and dance in the rain.

2. According to the writer, in what way is a child is different from adults?

A:-    In his essay 'Dancing in the Rain' Azim Premji points out that children of today are being deprived of the simple joys of childhood. They are crushed by parental aspirations and societal conditioning. Adults should realize that children can teach them many things. A child has the courage to persist with a task despite failing many times. An adult, however, fears failure. A child is innately curious about the environment and likes to explore the world. He takes up an activity for its own sake. Adults, however, are motivated mainly by the prospect of money and recognition. While a child is spontaneous and creative, an adult is constrained by his inhibitions and prejudices.

ANNOTATIONS

1.Robbing children of their childhood is a criminal act, and our society must weed this malaise out from the root.

Reference: This sentence is taken from the essay 'Dancing in the Rain' by Azim Premji.

Context: In the essay Azim Premji points out that children of today are being deprived of the simple joys of childhood. They are being burdened with too many books. They should  be given the freedom to explore the world and pursue activities of their choice.

Explanation: At the beginning of the essay Premji refers to the issues of child labour. He is distressed by the plight of poor children who work in inhuman conditions. Many children work in zari factories in Delhi and Mumbai. Such children are robbed of their freedom. Premji asserts that child labour is a criminal offence. It is a blot on society and should be eradicated.

General Relevance: Child labour is a social evil. All children, rich and poor, have the right to enjoy the simple pleasures of childhood.

2. India will be radiant when our children are free to dance in the rain.

Reference: This sentence is taken from the essay 'Dancing in the Rain' by Azim Premji. It is the concluding line of the essay.

Context:  In the essay Azim Premji points out that children of today are being deprived of the simple joys of childhood. They are being burdened with too many books.

Explanation: Both parents and teachers expect children to study day and night. Children have no time to play, explore the world, interact with others and develop their interests. Their creativity and spontaneity is crushed. Teachers and parents should not put undue pressure on children. India will progress only when all children have the freedom to play and dance in the rain.

General Relevance: Teachers and parents should encourage children to blossom and realize their true potential.

Senior Inter : Short Story : 2. Parige

 QUESTION AND ANSWERS

1. Describe Mallaiah's silent wail in the jail. Why did he cry silently?

A: 'Parige' is a story that depicts the injustice meted to harijans by people of the upper castes. Mallaiah, a Vanthu madiga, is wrongly accused by a landlord of stealing parige. He is sentenced to three months in jail. While in jail Mallaiah comes to know that his ailing ,bedridden father had died. His sister had been sent to a neighbouring village by the police patel as bonded labourer. No-one knows her wherabouts now. His house is in a dilapidated condition. Mallaiah us filled with anguish and despair. His body is racked by sobs but he feels scared to cry loudly. The prison guards could object. Moreover he is so used to a lif of oppression that he instinctively tries to suppress his cries.

 2.Describe the condition that forced Mallaiah to collect parige late in the night?

A: 'Parige' is a story that depicts the injustice meted to harijans by people of the upper castes. Mallaiah, a vanthu madiga , lives in the village of Khanapuram. He works all day as a messanger and also tries to find additional work as a hired labourer. But what he earns is barely enough to feed his younger sister and his old, bed-ridden father. Often the family would starve. One day Mallaiah returns from work to find that his father's condition is critical. His sister is crying. Mallaiah decides to get something to eat. As he reaches the outskirts of the village he finds that the landlords and hired workers are returning to the village after harvesting the crop. A few leftover stacks of paddy lie on the ground. Mallaiah gathers the parige one by one in the twilight. It is not much. But he is happy that there will be something to eat that night.

Junior Inter : Prose : 2.AIM FOR THE STARS: SAINA NEHWAL

 QUESTION AND ANSWERS

1. Why was the Philippines Tournament in 2006 a memorable one for Saina Nehwal?

A:     Saina Nehwal is an outstanding badminton player who won a medal in the London Olympic in 2012.She is presently ranked number one in the world.

    The Philippines Tournament in 2006 was a turning point in Saina's career. It was the first time that Saina was participating in an international tournament. The tournament was a prestigious  one, being four star rated. At that time Saina was not a reputed player. She was seeded 86th. It was a low rank. But she put up an extraordinary fight. She played against established players from Germany and Malaysia. She won the singles title. It was the first time that an Indian woman had won such an important tournament. Saina became famous overnight. The spectacular victory gave her the confidence to compete against the best players in the world.

2.What were the some of the compromises Saina Nehwal had to make in her journey to success as a badminton champion?

A:    Saina Nehwal is an outstanding badminton player who is presently ranked number one in the world. She has won numerous tournaments in the international badminton circuit.

      Saina had to make some compromises in her journey to success as a badminton champion. Though she was a bright student she could not complete Intermediate as she could not spare the time to attend classes. Further, Saina has too follow a life of harsh discipline. She trains for nearly eight hours daily. She has to push herself to the limits of physical and mental endurance. She is also compelled to follow a strict diet. Like other youngsters, she loves to eat chocolates, ice creams and aloo parathas. But she can do so only rarely. Behind the glamour and fame, thus , lies a story of commitment, discipline and compromise.

ANNOTATIONS

1.Usha Rani dreamt of the day when her daughter would get an Olympic medal and she constantly motivated her daughter to work towards that goal.

Reference: This sentence is taken from the essay 'Aim for the Stars: Saina Nehwal'. The essay is an article from the internet.

Context: The essay is a sketch of Saina Nehwal, the wonder girl of badminton, who is presently ranked number one in the world. The essay highlights the determination and hard work with which Saina achieved her dream.

Explanation: From the age of eight itself Saina started training to become a badminton champion. Saina's mother, Usha, had been an accomplished badminton player in her youth. She accompanied Saina to the stadium every day and also coached Saina in the evening. She was a constant source of motivation and support. She was confident that Saina would win an Olympic medal some day. So she encouraged Saina to set her goals high and work hard to achieve them.

General Relevance: Saina's parents played a crucial role in motivating Saina and training her to become a champion.

2. Just a year later,like the proverbial Phonix, Saina rose from the ashes of dejection and defeat.

Reference: This sentence is taken from the essay 'Aim for the Stars: Saina Nehwal'. The essay is an article from the internet.

Context: The essay is a sketch of Saina Nehwal, the wonder girl of badminton. It highlights the determination and hardwork with which Saina fulfilled her dream.

Explanation: Saina achieved international fame at a young age. She fulfilled her dream by winning the bronze at the London Olympic in 2012. But in the year that followed she lost several matches and was taunted by critics. She lost confidence in herself. She even thought of quitting the game. Luckily, she pulled herself together and made a new start. She trained very hard. Her efforts paid off and shortly afterwards she was crowned World No.1. Saina is compared to the Phonex. The Phoenix is a mythical bird that dies but rises again from the ashes with renewal youth. Saina tasted defeat but rose to great heights again.

General Relevance: Even the most successful people stumble at times and are filled with self doubt. It needs determination and hardwork to get back on track.

Junior Inter : Prose : 1.My Mother

Question and Answers:

1. Kalam says, "My Mother was a gentle, down to earth, pious woman". Elaborate with the information provided in 'My Mother'?

A:-     Abdul Kalam shared a close relationship with his mother and was greatly influenced by her. Kalam's mother, Ashiamma, was a simple lady of high principles. She was devout Muslim who followed all the religious practices. She dedicated her life to the service of the family. She cooked daily for all the members of the joint family and also served the numerous guests who visited them. She never complained or lost her temper. Theirs was a middle class family and it was difficult to run the house on a tight budget. Though Kalam's mother was uneducated, she skillfully managed to stretch the resources. She was patient, gentle and loving by nature and silently made sacrifices for the sake of the children. For instances, during times of scarcity she would often give up her share of food. She was the embodiment of selfless love and devotion.

2. Narrate two memories of  Kalam, relating to eating. 

A: Abdul Kalam shares some of his childhood memories in the essay ‘My Mother’. He grew up in a middle class joint family in Rameswaram. Kalam’s mother was a simple lady who served the family with love and devotion. Kalam recalls that she would cook for all the members of the family. As a child, Kalam would sit next to his mother on the floor while having his meals. He would relish the rice, sambar, home-made pickles and coconut chutney served on banana leaves. The sambar made by his mother was a fine blend of various flavours. He never again tasted such delicious sambar in his life. 

     Kalam recalls another incident related to food. During the World War II years food was rationed. Kalam’s mother tried to stretch resources but often the food was barely enough for all the members of the family. One day Kalam’s mother made chappatis and Kalam kept eating them till he was full. Later that night Kalam’s brother scolded him and pointed out that their mother had given up her share of food so that Kalam could eat well. Kalam felt ashamed of himself: He realized the extent of his mother’s love and selflessness.

ANNOTATIONS

1.Such was the Indian concept of hospitality once upon a time

Reference: This sentence is taken from the essay ‘My Mother’ written by A P J Abdul Kalam .Kalam was a distinguished scientist and one of the most popular Presidents of India. The essay is an excerpt from  Kalam‘s autobiography. ‘My Journey’. 

Context: In the essay  Kalam narrates incidents from his childhood and describes the close bond he shared with his mother. Kalam‘s mother, Ashiamma, was a simple, unassuming lady who devoted her life to the family. 

Explanation: Kalam grew up in a large middle class joint family in Rameshwaram. Kalam‘s father held a small job. The money he earned was barely enough to run the house. Kalam’s mother used to cook for all the family members Very often guests would drop in. Kalam’s mother never complained even though the work was tiring. She was always cheerful and believed that it was her duty to take care of the family and guests. In those days it was the custom to welcome and honour guests. 

General Relevance: According to ancient Indian tradition a guest should be revered like a god.

2. Her fingers ran tenderly through my hair, comforting, soothing and understanding.

Reference: This sentence is taken from the essay ‘My Mother’ written by A P J Abdul Kalam .Kalam was a distinguished scientist and one of the most popular Presidents of India. The essay is an excerpt from  Kalam‘s autobiography. ‘My Journey’.

Context: In the essay Kalam narrates incidents from his childhood and describes the close bond he shared with his mother.

Explanation: At the tender age of eight, Kalam worked as a newspaper boy to supplement the family income. He would often feel tired, unable to cope with the hectic daily routine. Being close to this mother, he would often put his head on her lap and take rest.He drew comfort  and solace from his mother. One day, while resting on his mother’s lap, tears start rolling down his cheeks Kalam himself did not know the reason for his tears. But his mother understands his feelings. In a loving manner she strokes his hair and comforts him She realizes that the boy is struggling to take up the responsibilities of an adult. 

General Relevance: The incident reveals how mothers understand the innermost feeling of their  children.